Free Educational Notes
Components of the internal combustion engine: An internal combustion engine is the source of “power” in a car. Internal combustion engines can be broadly classified based on their operation, number of cylinders, and the fuel used. Depending on your operation, the engine can be either two-stroke or four-stroke. In two-stroke engines, the work cycle is…
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There are mainly two types of charging methods in Automobiles namely constant voltage charging and constant current charging: (a) Constant Voltage Charging: In this method, the charging voltage is kept constant throughout the charging process. In this method, the charging current is high at first, when the battery is discharged, and gradually drops off as…
Definition: Batteries use sponge lead and lead peroxide to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. This type of battery is called the lead-acid battery. Lead-acid batteries are often used in power stations and substations because of their high cell voltage and low cost. Construction of lead-acid batteries The different parts of lead-acid batteries are shown…
All alternators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. According to this act, conductor, magnetic field and mechanical energy are required to generate electricity The main parts of an alternator are, apparently, a stator and a rotor. But, unlike other machines, in most alternators, the field exciter rotates and the armature coil becomes stationary. Stator…
Definition of Dynamo An electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity. Construction of direct current dynamo It consists of three main parts, namely the magnetic field system, the armature and the commutator and the brush gear. Other parts of a DC generator are magnetic frame and yoke, pole core and pole shoes,…
Construction of Bendix drive The figure shows the Bendix drive to start the motor. It is attached to the starter motor armature shaft. The drive head is fitted to the end of the armature shaft. The pinion gear, which has internal threads, is mounted in a threaded sleeve, just like a bolt nut. The sleeve…
Starter Motor: A starter motor converts the electrical energy stored in the battery into mechanical energy to crank the engine for starting. A simple electric motor includes a horseshoe-shaped soft-iron yoke with field windings wound around each of the two pole pieces. The armature winding rotates between the pole-pieces with its ends attached to each…
What is a wheel? A wheel is a circular object with a rim and hub, as the main parts rotate around an axis to allow it to move easily on the ground. Types of wheels There are the following types of wheels, as follows: Pressed Steel Disc Wheel wire wheel Alloy wheels Light Alloy Wheel…
Automobile Suspension System Road irregularities: 1. Daily use of road infrastructure, continual changes in weather conditions, and vehicle overweight will produce different wear patterns of the road surface. 2. Furthermore, a poor road construction process will eventually lead to uneven road surfaces. 3. Almost 20% of accidents are caused by the state of the infrastructure….
Corning force is simply the physical force applied to the tires during the corner. When you think about how well your vehicle handles, you’re thinking about how tires transfer the work of your vehicle’s engine and suspension system to the road through cornering force. Cornering force gives the tires the strength to stick to the…
WHAT IS UNDERSTEER? Understeer is when a vehicle turns less than the required angle through the steering, meaning the front tires struggle for traction, causing the vehicle to spin below normal and push extensively during a turn. WHAT CAUSES UNDERSTEER? Understeer happens as a result of drivers input. Turning the steering wheel sharply, abruptly, or…
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The steering system can be classified into forwarding steering, rear steering, or integral steering. The system that regulates the angular movement of the front wheels of a vehicle is called the steering system. This flight system minimizes the effort of the operator to turn the front wheel with the application of levers. The different components…
The brake is an essential control device in a car. If something goes wrong with the brakes, it can be disastrous. The following are the requirements for proper brake operation. 1. They must be strong enough to stop the car at a minimum distance in an emergency. In addition, the driver must be in control…
The antilock braking system (ABS) is a type of active safety system in a vehicle. It is also known as a non-slip braking system. This system kicks in when the driver suddenly applies the brakes during an emergency. The use of the antilock braking system in cars and motorcycles is now mandatory in most of…
The master cylinder is the main component of the system. When the brake pedal is depressed, fluid in the brake master cylinder, under pressure, flows out of it and into the fluid lines leading to the wheel cylinders. It is divided into two parts, namely, fluid reservoir and compression chamber. When the pedal is depressed,…
Brakes operated by hydraulic pressure (fluid pressure) are called hydraulic brakes. Hydraulic brakes are commonly used in automobiles. Principle Hydraulic brakes work according to the principle of Pascal’s law, which states that “the pressure at one point in a fluid is the same in all directions in space”. According to this law, when pressure is…
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Mechanical brakes Mechanical brakes are sets that consist of mechanical elements for the deceleration or stop of axes in equipment drives. They use levers or links to transmit force from one point to another. Braking slows or stops the movement of the coupled axes. There are several types of mechanical brakes. Band brakes, the simplest…
Differential used in Automobile cars & Trucks Above Figure. Shows the key parts of the type of differential used in rear-wheel-drive cars.A smaller bevel gear called a differential side gear is mounted on the inner ends of each shaft. Two bevel gears are mounted to mesh the driven and driven shafts at a 90 °…
Gears are a crucial part of many automobile vehicles. Gears help increase delivered torque by providing a reduction in gear and adjusting the direction of rotation like the axle of the rear wheels of motor vehicles. Following are some basic types of gears & how they differ from each other. Spur gears in Types of…
Following are the three different types of axles in Automobile Systems Rear Axles Front Axle Stub Axle Rear Axle in Automobile Between the differential and the drive wheels is the rear axle to transmit the power from the differential to the drive wheels. It is clear from the construction of the differential that the rear…
