Steering Geometry in Automobile Engineering

The steering system can be classified into forwarding steering, rear steering, or integral steering. The system that regulates the angular movement of the front wheels of a vehicle is called the steering system. This flight system minimizes the effort of the operator to turn the front wheel with the application of levers. The different components of the system are:

• steering wheel
• steering shaft
• steering gear
• pitman arm (drop arm)
• drag link
• steering arm
• tie rod
• king pin.

As the operator turns the steering wheel, movement is transmitted through the steering shaft to the angular movement of the tire on the pitman’s arm, via a series of gears. The angular movement of the pitman’s arm is further transmitted to the steering arm through the drag link and tie rods.

The steering arms are coupled to the respective main pins which are integral parts of the hub of the axle on which the wheels are mounted. The movement of the steering arm affects the angular movement of the front wheel. In another design, instead of a pitman arm and rear links, two pitman arms and rear links are used and the use of a tie rod to connect both steering arms is avoided.

FRONT AXLE AND STEERING MECHANISM

Front Axle

Front axles are generally dead axles. The front-wheel hubs rotate on an anti-friction tapered roller bearing on the steering pin which is an integral part of the steering knuckle. To allow the wheels to turn from the steering gear, the steering pin and steering knuckle assemblies are hinged at the end of the axle. The pin that forms the pivot of this hinge is known as the kingpin or steering pin.

FRONT-WHEEL ALIGNMENT

The front wheels must be aligned correctly to ensure smooth steering, provide directional stability to the vehicle and minimize tire wear. Front-wheel alignment is achieved by precisely setting the following factors:

• Caster
• Camber
• Kingpin inclination
• Toe-in
• Toe-out

CASTER in Steering Geometry

The caster angle is the inclination of the centerline of the pivot or ball joint from the vertical towards the front (negative caster) or the rear (positive caster) of the vehicle.

The angle of attack produces a drag effect and therefore confers directional stability. An incorrect caster can lead to difficulties such as harsh steering, pulling to the side when the brakes are applied. The launch angle varies from negative 2-8 °.

 CAMBER in Steering Geometry

The camber angle is the slope between the centerline of the tire and the vertical line. The outward tilt is called the positive sag and the inward tilt is the negative sag. The purpose of the camber is to prevent the wheel tops from tilting too far inward due to excessive load or play on the axle and wheel bearing.

Irregular wheel camber causes vehicles to roll in the direction of a wheel that has the largest chamber, which alters directional stability and tends to scratch the tread of the opposite tire, excessive camber prevents the rim from making proper contact with the road, which causes it. to be used only on the side directly under the load.

Camber angle is less than 1 degree

KING-PIN INCLINATION in Steering Geometry

Kingpin inclination is the inward tilt of the kingpin or ball joint centerline from the vertical. Kingpin tilt in combination with curvature provides directional stability. whereas kingpin inclination and camber combine to give direction from the tire’s centre point on the road and bring upthrust at the stub axle closest to the centre of the kingpin. The bending angle combined with the kingpin inclination is called the included angle.

The inclination of the kingpin varies from 4-8°.

TOE-IN in Steering Geometry

The front wheels are usually designed a little forward so that the distance between the rear ends (y) is slightly greater than the distance between the front ends (x). The difference between these distances is called convergence. The wheels are turned inwards to compensate for the tendency to roll outwards due to the curvature and play in the steering linkage.

Convergence is usually 2 to 4 mm.

TOE-OUT in Steering Geometry

When a vehicle turns, the inner wheel of the vehicle moves faster as compared to the outer wheel because the former has to go around an area with a smaller radius than the latter. This action causes the wheels to turn due to differences in their turning angles.

Importance of wheel alignment in Steering Geometry

1. Improve handling: – This helps to control the vehicle. Improper handling can be due to vehicle traction on one side and steering wheel vibration.

2. Improves tire life and performance: – Proper tire contact on the road and prevention of tire slippage due to misalignment results in better tire life.

3. Helps in identifying problems: – Misalignment can be a symptom of something wrong with the vehicle. A check on this can lead to the correction of the vehicle fault.

4. Ensures Safety: – By keeping the system in order, removing defective parts, improves vehicle systems, especially the suspension system, leading to greater safety.

5. Improves fuel efficiency: – By improving the performance of various systems, it leads to better vehicle fuel efficiency.