Theories of Failure: All Five Criteria, Derivations and a Solved Example
Theories of failure predict when a part under combined stress will fail by turning its three principal stresses into one number and comparing it…Read More →
Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definitions, Formulas, Tests and Typical Values
The mechanical properties of a material describe how it responds to an applied force: how much load it carries before it yields or breaks…Read More →
Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity): Definition, Formula, Values and Examples
The shear modulus, also called the modulus of rigidity and written G, is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain within the elastic…Read More →
Spring Constant: Definition, Formula, SI Unit and Examples
The spring constant (k) is the force needed to stretch or compress a spring by one unit of length. It comes from Hooke’s law,…Read More →
Parallelogram Law of Forces: Statement, Derivation and Solved Examples
The parallelogram law of forces states that if two forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent…Read More →
Hardness Test: Types, Characteristics and Applications
A hardness test measures how well a material resists permanent indentation: a hard indenter is pressed into the surface under a set load, and…Read More →